The absorption refrigeration machine is a water chilling package which uses heat directly without the use of a prime mover, thus utilizing the heating facilities on a full time, year-round basis. Because of its compactness and vibration less operation, it can be installed anywhere space and a heat source is available, from basement to roof. It uses the cheapest, safest and most available of all refrigerants, ordinary tap water. Its absorbent is a simple salt.
UNIT SELECTION
The factors influencing the selection of an absorption machine are load, chilled water quantity, temperature of the chilled water, condenser water source, condenser water temperature, condenser water quantity, fouling factor allowance, and heat source.
The final selection is usually based on the least expensive combination of machine and cooling tower as well as a reasonable machine operating cost. The absorption machine can be utilized with any conventional open or closed circuit chilled water system.
Ratings in tons based on various leaving chilled water temperatures, entering condenser water temperatures and steam pressures are given for a particular machine size. The chilled water temperature should be carefully chosen rather than casually or assumed.
The proper determination of water quantity and temperature for chilled water coils is discussed in part 6. When low water quantities and a high rise (15 to 20 degrees) are required for the chilled water system, the use of two machines piped in series may be an economic advantage since one machine operates at a higher level and requires less heat input. Almost any source of condenser water is suitable for use in an absorption machine, provided it is of a good quality. Cooling towers are generally used, but river, lake or well water can also be used when available in sufficient quantity and temperature. If the condenser water source is a lake, river, well or existing process water, the maximum expected water temperature should be used in selecting the machine. The water quantity required depends on the temperature and load.
When a cooling tower is to be used in conjunction with the absorption machine, the tower selection should be matched to the machine selection to provide the most economical combination. In many cases the optimum tower selection will indicate a condenser water temperature higher than the temperature normally estimated, which is usually 7 to 10 degrees above the design wet-bulb temperature.
This may mean a considerable saving in cooling tower cost by reducing the size of the tower. Since this is a heatoperated machine, the heat rejection to the cooling tower is approximately two-time that of a motor-driven refrigeration machine. The cooling tower used with the absorption machine is usually about 75% larger than that used with temperature drop thru the tower is usually about 17 to 20 degrees.
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